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What is an Operating Room? Requirements for Designing and Constructing Operating Rooms

Operating rooms in hospitals are important facilities that need to be meticulously designed and constructed. To ensure that operating rooms meet standards, it is essential for the involved parties to understand the common requirements and standards applied in operating rooms. Let’s explore operating rooms and the requirements for designing and constructing them in this article with INTECH GROUP!

What is an Operating Room?

An operating room (also known as a surgical suite) is a facility within a hospital where surgical procedures are performed in a sterile environment. Operating rooms must be equipped with modern amenities, adequate lighting, spaciousness, ease of movement, and convenience for sanitation purposes.

phong mo la gi

Common Standards Applied in Operating Rooms

Federal Standard 209 of the United States on Cleanliness Certification and Clean Air in Hospital Operating Rooms

This is the most widely applied standard in hospital operating rooms, originating in the United States in 1963 and revised several times. The U.S. Federal Standard 209 defines the air quality of cleanrooms by providing information on the limits of particles in the air. It outlines methods for testing the concentration of particles present in the air.

The first cleanroom standard is the U.S. Federal Standard 209E, which categorizes cleanrooms into classes, with Class 1 having the lowest particle count per cubic meter, while Class 100,000 has the highest. Although this standard was canceled in 2001, it is still widely used worldwide.

tieu chuan fed std 209

ISO 14644-1 Standard on Cleanroom Standards Combined with Environmental Control

Another commonly applied standard is ISO 14644-1, which introduces classifications for air cleanliness levels.

In this:

D: particle size (mm)

N: number of classification levels in the standard

Cn: maximum permissible concentration of particles equal to or greater than D size (particles/m3 of air)

Issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), this standard primarily focuses on cleanliness levels measured based on the quantity of airborne dust particles. Classes range from 1 to 9, with 1 being the cleanest and 9 being the least clean.

tieu chuan iso 14644 1

Essential Requirements in Designing and Constructing Operating Rooms

Principles of Operating Room Design

Operating rooms are designed based on one-way principles, separately to avoid external influences.

Requirements for Area and Size of Operating Rooms

In Vietnam, the TCXDVN 365.2007 design standard specifies a minimum area of ​​36m2 for an operating room, with a minimum height of 3.1m.

Height regulations:

Sterile and clean areas not less than 3.1 m

Auxiliary area height not less than 3.0 m

Technical floor height not less than 0.2 m

Area requirements:

Sterile area radius: 30.04m.

For modern equipment layout, operating rooms should be 55.7m2 wide.

For high-precision surgical procedures such as neurological surgery, deep interventions, the operating room area should be 74.3m2.

Operating rooms should be designed square or rectangular for easy layout of functional chains and interior furnishings. The fewer corners in the operating room, the better for maintaining sterile conditions because there are many devices in the operating room.

Climate Requirements (Temperature, Humidity, Pressure)

According to Decision 34/2005/QD-BYT, the temperature in the operating room is 21 – 26°C, humidity 60% – 70%, Air exchange rate: 15 – 20 times/hour.

The temperature may vary depending on the type of surgery performed. For example, in open-heart surgery, surgeons may request a temperature reduction to 63°F (20°C).

Details in the following table:

Room Name

Temperature (°C) Humidity (%) Air Exchange Rate (times/hour)

Operating room, recovery room, sterile corridor 21 – 24 60 – 70 15 – 20

Preoperative area, clean corridor 21 – 26 £ 70 5 – 15

Requirements for Medical Gas Systems in Operating Rooms

Air in operating rooms needs to be controlled for particulate matter (dust) complying with cleanroom Class 1000 – 10,000.

The quantity of 0.5mm dust particles per cubic meter (1m3) of air is ≤ 3 x 106.

Cleanroom size particle standards:

Fine dust: < 2 – 5 µm

Coarse dust: >2 – 5 µm

For low-level cleanrooms: 0.5 µm and 5 µm dust particles.

For Class 7000 cleanrooms: 2 µm dust particles

Requirements for Cleanliness of Operating Rooms

Cleanliness class 10,000: for large operating rooms

Cleanliness class 100,000: for minor surgery rooms and clean corridors

Requirements for Electrical Systems in Operating Rooms

Operating room standards require continuous electrical supply for 24 hours a day. Additionally, there must be backup power to automatically restore power after 5 seconds and a separate grounding system.

The lighting electrical system must meet minimum brightness requirements and be independent of the power system supplying equipment.

In addition to the usual 2-phase power supply, a 3-phase power supply should be provided for special equipment such as X-ray film readers, surgical clocks, etc. Medical devices used in operating rooms are mainly imported from countries such as the UK, USA, Germany, Japan, with different sockets, so it is necessary to select different types of sockets for flexibility in use.

Consider the location of the operating table for designing the electrical socket position, usually designing the socket position 0.6 – 0.8m from the floor.

The surgical department’s power supply system must meet the following requirements:

The lighting electrical system must be independent of the power system supplying equipment.

The lighting system must ensure minimum brightness requirements (specified in section 7.1.2 – Table 6)

Electrical devices must have an independent level II grounding system.

Wiring systems and control devices, power supply must ensure safety and meet technical specifications (power, quality…)

Lighting System Requirements

Operating room standards dictate that the lighting system in operating rooms comply with the standards for aseptic areas, utilizing artificial light.

The lighting system should be divided into general lighting and localized lighting. General lighting consists of light from the overhead lighting system or corner lights

Localized lighting is the light derived from surgical lights (non-glare lights) conveniently positioned for easy rotation, adjustment of light focus, and intensity. The total illumination from lighting systems in the operating room is approximately 300 – 700 lux.

yeu cau he thong chieu sang phong mo

Other Requirements in Designing and Constructing Operating Rooms

According to the regulations of the Ministry of Health, when designing hospital operating rooms, they must be located in the central area of the hospital, where there are the best infrastructure conditions. They should be near specialized areas of the hospital such as intensive care units, conveniently connected to the outpatient treatment area and diagnostic imaging areas. Especially, they should be at the end of corridors to easily control access, without traffic passing through.

Additionally, it should be convenient for the installation and operation of equipment; located close to rooms providing sterile instruments, supplies, and technical systems such as electricity, water, air conditioning, and medical gas… to create the most favorable conditions during surgery.

Noise is also a factor that affects the concentration of surgeons or surgical staff. The noise standard in the operating room is 50dB.

The sterile water system also needs to ensure that it is fully and continuously supplied.

Above are some medical operating room design standards in Vietnam. With such strict standards and requirements, it requires professional design and construction units with experience to optimize and synchronize while providing reasonable solutions for operating room construction, saving costs for hospitals and medical facilities. Contact INTECH Group now for detailed consultation on operating room design and construction.

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